Ionospheric Remote Sensing with GNSS

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) plays a pivotal role in our modern positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) technologies. GNSS satellites fly at altitudes of approximately 20,000 km or higher. This altitude is above an ionized layer the Earth’s upper atmosphere, so called “ionosphere”. Before reaching typical receiver on ground, satellite signals penetrate through ionosphere. ionosphere plasma medium consisting free charged particles that can slow down, attenuate, refract, scatter signals. Ionospheric density structures (also known as irregularities) cause signal scintillations (phase intensity fluctuations). These ionospheric impacts be utilized to observe study physical processes referred remote sensing. entry introduces some fundamentals sensing using GNSS.